Idioms and Expressions in Context

Its important to learn and use idioms and expressions in context. Of course, idioms are not always easy to understand. There are idiom and expression resources that can help with definitions, but reading them in short stories can also provide context that makes them come more alive. Try reading the story one time to understand the gist without using the idiom definitions. On your second reading, use the definitions to help you understand the text while learning new idioms. After you understand the story, take the quiz at the end of each reading to test your knowledge. Teachers can print out these short stories and use in class in combination with teaching ideas provided at the end of this resource list. Idioms and Expressions in Context Stories Johns Keys to SuccessA story about a man was an accomplished businessman and happily gives advice to young people he mentors. Odd Man OutA story about a man who gossiped a little too much at parties making him the odd man out anytime he joined the fun. Young and FreeA short story about what it takes to be successful in a small company. Its good preparation for young adult English learners who are college age. My Successful FriendHere is a story about a mans friend who has had a very successful career. The Road to SuccessHere is a short essay on how to succeed in todays difficult economic environment. It makes good reading for business English classes. For Teachers Use these idioms in context stories with your advanced-level classes to provide context for learning common idioms in English. Each short story of two to three paragraphs provides approximately 15 idioms. These idioms are then defined following the story followed by a short quiz testing a number of idioms from the selection. Following this introduction to the idioms in context, you can practice use of the idioms in a number of ways. Here are a few ideas: Ask students to write their own short stories using the idioms in context.Have students write dialogues using the idioms to act out in class.Group students together to create their own gap fill quizzes for other groups.Write up questions using the idioms presented and discuss as a class or in groups.Make up situations that fit each idiom on-the-fly and ask students to choose the idiom that fits best. Learning Idioms in Context   You might wonder how you can recognize an idiom when you are reading a book, online or perhaps watching TV. Here are a few tips on how you can spot an idiom: Idioms dont actually mean what they say. Thats right, the actual meaning of the words dont necessarily indicate the meaning of the idiom. Lets take a look at a few: Remember my son, the early bird catches the worm.   This idiom means that its important to get up and get to work in order to succeed in life. Of course, early birds probably catch worms as well! However, the meaning has nothing to little to do with the words.   Idioms can seem out of context. You can be sure youve spotted an idiom if you notice that the words have little to do with the context. For example, lets imagine that youre in a business meeting. Someone says: Well, itll be smooth sailing after this quarter. If youre in a business meeting, you dont expect to be talking about sailing on the open sea. This is an example of something out of context. It doesnt fit in. Thats a sure sign that it might be an idiom.   Idioms are often phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs can be literal or figurative. Literal means that the words mean exactly what they say. For example: I picked up the bag. In this case. pick up is literal. Phrasal verbs, can also be figurative pick up also means to learn: She picked up some Spanish in Madrid.   Idioms are often figurative phrasal verbs as well. Use these queues and youll start recognizing idioms in context everywhere you look and listen.

Cell Phones in the Hands of Drivers a Risk or Benefit

Cell Phones in the Hands of Drivers A Risk or a Benefit Ariana Laguna English 102 Professor Barnes/Walter 10 December 2012 Outline THESIS: Unless the risks of cell phones are shown to outweigh the benefits, we should not restrict their use in moving vehicles: instead, we should educate the public about the dangers of driving while phoning and prosecute irresponsible phone users under laws on negligent and reckless driving. I. Scientific studies havent proved a link between use of cell phones and traffic accidents. A. A study by Redelmeier and Tibshirani was not conclusive, as the researchers themselves have admitted. B. Most states do not keep records on accidents caused by driver distractions. C. In a survey of†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, most states do not keep adequate records on the number of times phones are a factor in accidents. As of December 2000, only ten states were trying to keep such records (Sundeen 2). In addition, currently there is little scientific evidence comparing the use of cell phones with other driver distractions: fiddling with the radio, smoking, eating, putting on makeup, shaving, and so on. Alasdair Cain and Mark Burries of the Center Urban Transportation Research surgery research on the cell phone issue as of 1999 and concluded that there is no nationally-accredited document to prove the connection between mobile phone use and traffic accidents. Becaus e research results have been so inconclusive, it makes sense to wait before passing laws that might well be unnecessary. Weighting risks and benefits In 2000, researchers at the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis found that the risk of driving while phoning were small compared with other driving risks. Whereas the cell phone users chance of dying are about 6 in a million per year, someone not wearing a seat belt has a risk of 49.3 per million, and someone driving a small car has a risk of 14.5 per million (3). Because of this comparatively small risk regulation of phones may not be worth the coast of the legislation as well as the additional burden such legislation would put on lawShow MoreRelatedCell Phones in the Hands of Drivers:1096 Words   |  5 PagesCell Phones in the Hands of Drivers: A Risk or a Benefit? As of 2000, there were about ninety million cell phone users in the United States, with 85% of them using their phones while on the road (Sundeen 1). Because of evidence that cell phones impair drivers by distracting them, some states have considered laws restricting their use in moving vehicles. Proponents of legislation correctly point out that using phones while driving can be dangerous. The extent of the danger, however, is a matterRead More Using Mobile Phones While Driving is Risky Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pages Mobile phone use in motor vehicles has increased at a remarkable rate over the past 15 years. Yet it is undeniable that utilizing a cell phone while driving can affect driver performance as it relates to the overall safe operation of a vehicle. There are a number of things to consider in deciding whether the trade off in convenience is worth the potential risks associated with the distraction created by a cell phone. Given the fact that the individual driver (and/or business owner) ultimatelyRead MoreRelationship Between Driving Performance And Participating1584 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipating in secondary tasks while operating a vehicle. The extracted data was used to compile the information used to create recommendations for policy makers regarding cell phone use while driving. A comparison and contrast of the research results regarding cognitive abilities affected, while distracted during cell phone use is provided. Additionally, based on gaps in current research, a description of the variables, populations, and situations for future research is addressed herein. GeneratingRead MoreDangers Of Texting And Driving1361 Words   |  6 Pagesand Driving Drivers should not be able to use their hand held cell phones while in a moving vehicle. Too many teens and young adults are being killed each year in texting and driving related accidents. Teens and young adults must be educated about the effects, benefits and laws of texting and driving in order to keep adults and teens safe while driving a vehicle. Cell phones should not be in use inside a vehicle while it is moving. There are a lot of benefits to using the cell phones in teen’s vehicleRead MoreWhy Driving and Cell Phones Do Not Mix Essay1544 Words   |  7 Pageson a cell phone while driving is careless and extremely dangerous not only to the driver but also to others to others driving on the road as well. Cell phones cause distraction while trying to drive, and people are no longer just talking on their cell phones, they are also text messaging, and surfing the worldwide web. Many believe that hands-free devices could be a solution to this problem, but the fact is han ds free devices are just as dangerous to use while driving as hand held cell phones. BecauseRead MoreTexting, Calling And Driving916 Words   |  4 Pagescoming out on the market for cell phones that are supposed to be safe for the road such as hands- free devices like Siri, are they really safe for the public or is it just another way for companies to make money by sugar coating the real truth about cell phones. There is no dough that cell phones are helpful, but at what cause. Losing a limp or a live is that the price people are willing to pay for using their cell phones on the road. All it takes is five second for the driver to lose focus on the roadRead MoreThe Impact Of Cell Phones On Health1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Cell Phones on Health The invention of the cell phone and newer â€Å"smart† technology has brought about many positive uses and entertainment. But there are many downsides that aren’t as obvious. Cell phones, no matter how useful, still pose many hazards to our health such as: distracting us from other tasks and affecting our bodies. The everyday use of cell phones has many negative effects on individuals and society. Cell phones affect people in many physical ways. There have been manyRead MoreCell Phone Dangers While Driving1046 Words   |  5 PagesCell-Phone Dangers While Driving Introduction Today, we use our cell phones for just about anything and everything to include; texting, talking to our loved ones, and connecting with the rest of the world via social media. Cell phones have become a natural way of life to where we pick up our phones and use them like second nature. However, the dangers present themselves when we get behind the wheel of a car and carry these habits of cell phone addictions with us. If all states ban the use of cellRead MoreThe Banning Texting While Driving1463 Words   |  6 PagesMany states prohibit texting while driving. In fact, laws have been established that prevent drivers from using their cell phone unless it is an emergency. About 73% of drivers say it is easy to text and drive, however 1.3 million car crashes are caused by texting and driving. An effort to band texting and driving in Texas is at limbo in the Senate and was one vote shy of having enough members agree to bring it to the floor. (Tinsley 1) Senator Judith Zaffirini, D-Lared o states that they are so veryRead MoreDistracted Driving: A Menace to Safety Essay667 Words   |  3 PagesVanderbilt; it’s clear that distracted driving puts drivers and passengers at significant risk, yet laws are only now starting to appear concerning the issue, and it’s not yet culturally unacceptable. The fact that distracted driving poses a significant risk is undisputable. According to Janet Froetscher, president and CEO of the National Safety Council, â€Å"driver inattention causes 80% of crashes† (Politico). Texting requires at least one hand to be removed from the steering wheel, as well as the

About the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay - 2056 Words

Between the years 2000 and 2002 there were over a dozen corporate scandals involving unethical corporate governance practices. The allegations ranged from faulty revenue reporting and falsifying financial records, to the shredding and destruction of financial documents (Patsuris, 2002). Most notably, are the cases involving Enron and Arthur Andersen. The allegations of the Enron scandal went public in October 2001. They included, hiding debt and boosting profits to the tune of more than one billion dollars. They were also accused of bribing foreign governments to win contacts and manipulating both the California and Texas power markets (Patsuris, 2002). Following these allegations, Arthur Andersen was investigated for, allegedly,†¦show more content†¦The act identifies and assigns accountability to those who knowingly falsify documents and it clearly states the consequences for acting outside the defined standard, relating to corporate governance. Using case studies w e will review how the passing of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act is helping to standardized a code of conduct and how it has increased the awareness of corporate responsibility. First, we will review the definitions of corporate governance, business ethics and corporate responsibility. Next, we will examine the effectiveness of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, through a case study and identify possible challenges the Sarbanes-Oxley Act may face, as public demand for social responsibility increases. Finally, we will review proactive recommendations for provisions to key titles of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. These provisions will accommodate the growing public demand for ethical and social responsibility. As details of the Enron scandal surfaced public outrage grew, calling for action, accountability and consequences. Corporate governance began receiving renewed interest. Corporate governance is a multi-faceted subject that sets forth the rules and responsibilities of the relationship between the corporation and its stakeholders (Cross Miller, 2012). This includes the company’s officers and management team, the board of directors, and the organizations shareholders.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Critique of the Effectiveness of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act2698 Words   |  11 PagesBackground George W. Bush called the SOX Act â€Å"the most far-reaching reforms of American business practices since the time of Franklin Delano Roosevelt†. It has been a decade since the Sarbanes-Oxley Act became in effect. Obviously, the SOX Act which aimed at increasing the confidence in the US capital market really has had a profound influence on public companies and public accounting firms. However, after Enron scandal which triggered the issue of SOX Act, public company lawsuits due to fraud stillRead MoreEssay about Details of the Sarbanes Oxley Act 20021060 Words   |  5 Pagesfindings properly. Since the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, there have been provisions that have directly affected auditors. This paper will include the details of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, how ethics and independence have affected auditors, as well implementation of new standards based on the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, provided changes in the regulations of the issuers in the public structures in the United States, as well as non-United States issuers. The Act applies to all issuers includingRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act Paper934 Words   |  4 PagesRunning Head: SARBANES OXLEY ACT Sarbanes Oxley Act Introduction Sarbanes Oxley Act is focused towards identifying accounting frauds in different public companies. This paper discusses about various reasons for the introduction of Sarbanes Oxley Act and causes that has been overlooked. Causes for Sarbanes-Oxley Act Sarbanes Oxley Act is US federal law, which is established in order to set out the some standards for accounting firms, public company boards and managementRead MoreEssay on The Sarbanes-Oxley Act852 Words   |  4 Pagestoday that are using the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) legislation that helps to safeguard their company and their financial records. The Sarbanes-Oxley act began in 2002 and the purpose behind this act was to protect organizations, it had a major impact on accounting and record keeping. Because of Enron, they passed this act for publicly-traded corporations to better implement control to their enterprise data. â€Å"Named after Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael Oxley, who also set a number ofRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sox ) For A Company1461 Words   |  6 Pagesto try to describe the cost and benefits of implementing the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) for a company. I will then move on to describe what it is, how to go about it, and what a compan y may need to properly implement it. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was approved and activated in 2002 to protect investors and to renew confidence in American companies from what happened with the fall of companies like Enron, HealthSouth, and WorldCom. This act was trusted to fix or find corruption in the companies and makeRead MoreThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or SOX Act, was enacted on July 30, 2002. Since it was enacted that summer it has changed how the public business handle their accounting and auditing. The federal law was made coming off of a number of large corporations involved in scandals. For example a company like Enron was caught in accounting fraud in late 2001 when the company was using false financial statements. Once Enron was caught that had many lawsuits filed against them and had to file for bankruptcyRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) was enacted to bring back public trust in markets. Building trust requires ethics within organizations. Through codes of ethics, organizations conduct themselves in a manner that promotes public trust. Through defining a code of ethics, organizations can follow, the market becomes fair for investors to have confidence in the integrity of the disclosures and financial reports given to them. The cod e of ethics includes the promotion of honest and ethical conductRead MoreOverview of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act1068 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Sarbanes-Oxley Act Introduction The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was signed into law on July 30, 2002, by President George W. Bush; it was a congressional regulatory response to the enormously damaging corporate scandals at WorldCom, the Arthur Anderson accounting group and most notoriously, Enron. Because of the damage done not only to the reputations of those corporations and to the American corporate community but also to the stockholders and people who lost life savings (people who lost 401-K investmentsRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Act ) Essay1432 Words   |  6 Pages The Sarbanes Oxley Act is an act passed by the United States Congress to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting activities by corporation. The Sarbanes Oxley Act has strict reforms to improve financial disclosures from corporations and accounting fraud. The acts goals are designed to ensure that publicly traded corporations document what financial controls they are using and they are certified in doing so. The Sarbanes Oxley Act sets the highest level and most general requirementsRead MoreAcc403 Assign 1-Sarbanes Oxley1057 Words   |  5 PagesSarbanes-Oxley Act Student Name Professor Name ACC 403 – Auditing 8/19/2012 Sarbanes-Oxley Act The Effectiveness of Regulations. There used to be a time in the United States when there were no regulations in place to protect the public from corporate greed and deceit. Publically traded companies used the auditors they had on retainer to audit their financial statements. There was no reason to believe that such large corporations would allow their share holders to fall. That fairytale

A Audience About Issues With Fraud And Scandals - 1909 Words

Specific purpose: To inform my audience about issues with fraud and scandals in business and how employers and employees of organizations can set measures in place to limit, if not eliminate fraud and scandals from occurring. Introduction I. What’s the first thing that pops up in your mind when the word â€Å"scandal† or â€Å"fraud† is brought up? Going into accounting as a major I am constantly thinking of all the big cases of fraud that have happened in the past for various businesses such as Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, just to mention a few. These cases of fraud are the reason why we must end fraud. II. Fraud is unavoidable, but businesses must do all that they can to keep fraud to a minimum in business. III. I will talk about various issues concerning business scandals and fraud. A. First, I will talk about what promotes or inspires individuals to commit fraud. B. Second, I will talk about some of the larger examples of fraud and scandals in businesses. C. Lastly, I will list the various ways businesses and organizations can implement both internal as well as external control measures in order to avoid another WorldCom or Enron fraud case from happening again. Transition: First, I will explain what inspires or promotes people in businesses to commit fraud. Body I. Fraud happens in businesses more often than people think, but what really inspires people to commit fraud? A. â€Å"The fraud triangle is a model for explaining the factors that cause someone to commit occupationalShow MoreRelatedFun with Dick and Jane Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesmore or less being raised by the housekeeper, Blanca. The family is living in a culture of high powered, high paying jobs, high tech appliances and high stress living. Dick and Jane have it all and they can’t get enough of it. The first ethical issue that is identified in the movie is Globodyne’s fraudulent and dishonest financial dealings. One day, Dick is called up to the prominent 51st floor of Globodyne where he gets the promotion he has been dreaming of; he is now the Vice President of CommunicationsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Balancing The Books 1172 Words   |  5 Pagesthe accounting practices of large corporations such as the Adelphia, Enron, and WorldCom debacles in the early 2000’s. The Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE) estimates that occupational fraud losses cost organizations $994 billion annually (â€Å"Report to the Nation, 2014). 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Strategic Issue Faced by McDonald-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Issue faced by McDonald. Answer: Introduction: In the view point Carden, Maldonado and Boyd, (2017) of it is important to make wise decisions in most businesses but at times, the management loss where they have to begin. Strategic management decisions help in understanding the business and make wise judgement on the same. An organisation has to face many challenges throughout its business journey. For a multi-national company, the challenges increase by many folds. The challenges could be related to opening or closing of the firm, entering a new market or by entering a strategic alliance with others. This particular study discusses about the strategic issues faced by McDonald while conducting its business operation. McDonalds is one of the most popular fast food chains of America. It was established during the 1940s in California. Right from its launch, the food chain has been attracting teenagers and fast food lovers. The company is well known for its business management strategies and always used to remain in the headlines. In this discussion, a case study of McDonald has been selected where it has been evident that it faced strategic issues when the organization thought of expanding. Fig: Market Share statistics of McDonalds (Source: Carden, Maldonado Boyd, 2017) Discussion on the mini case: In the mini case study named, Re-branding: the McDonalds strategy, it has been told that McDonalds became one of the popular restaurant and a place to hang out to flush out the post-war affluence (Botterill Kline, 2007). The company started by supplying hamburgers and applied assembly line techniques with the food production method. McDonalds spend huge amount of money in doing its advertisements and promotion. It has always focused its marketing effort on family and children and has been found to spend heavily of television marketing. McDonalds business strategies can easily considered under the American success story. Considering the workforce, by the year 2000, one out of eight Americans has worked at McDonalds at some time of their lives. The company required huge workforce for carrying its operation and at the same time, it has focused on reducing the cost spend on the labours. It is for the same reason, they wanted to be rationale towards the labours and thought of replacing t he human workforce with machines and robots (Botterill Kline, 2007). By this time, McDonalds was already engaged in some controversies and challenges related to public relations concerns. Fig: Global Market Share of McDonalds (Source: : Wen Song, 2017) The case study highlights the community and family values that McDonalds has always considered in its business. It started its expansion in the late 1960 from a medium sized town. At this time, McDonalds faced certain racial allegation as well when the company denied franchise opportunities to the black people. The organisational values of McDonalds were massively challenged. In Greenwich as well, there were protesters who kept on loitering, congesting the traffic and even rallied gained McDonalds when it tried to open an outlet. These situations automatically reduced the profitability of the organisation and at the same time blemished the corporate image as well (Botterill Kline, 2007). The environmental issues were related to feeding the cows that destroyed the rainforest. Fig: Issues faced by McDonalds (Source: Wen Song, 2017) The promotion of meat based diet was criticized largely along with the packaging and the waste management. Other social issues involved, the irregular diet that the burger and food of McDonalds was defamed for. It was claimed that the company did not follow the legislation standard of ingredients and packaged food labelling that included all the nutrients. Other strategic issue faced by the organization was related to the increasing fast food competitors in the market along with the changing lifestyle and food habit of the consumers (Botterill Kline, 2007). Thus, the case study revealed many issues faced by the organisation during its business operation. Questions for the case study: Q1. How public relation can be used as a tool to overcome the challenges faced by McDonald in different stages? Q2. What competitive strategies could be adopted by McDonalds in order to overcome the challenges? Analysis of the case: Fig: Employee satisfaction rate (Source: Goswami, 2013) As commented by Rahman and Areni, (2014), it is the responsibility of an organization to abide by the legislations set for the employers and employability. In order to overcome the distress, during this period of controversy, McDonalds changed its policy of hiring young adults. The public relation experts at McDonalds introduced employee incentive programs. Through these programs, the employees would receive incentives for good performances, along with the wages that they receive. In order to curb down the controversy of hiring youths, they also featured happy employees in the marketing campaigns. The company also started hiring immigrant workers, people with disabilities as well as senior workers, to put an end to the controversy that occurred regarding the employment of youths. In the late 1960s, with the rapid expansion of the food chain, McDonalds started opening its outlets in the medium sized towns along with the large cities. The cleanliness of the food chain, along with the value for money and friendly services attracted thousands of customers. However, with the rapid expansion, McDonalds entered into another strategic controversy. As commented by Wen and Song, (2017), expansion is the business strategy that an organisation undertakes when it wants to increase its profitability and increase its operational activities. At the time of expansion, it is important to carry out the market evaluation and conduct a survey among the target group of people. If this is not done accordingly, the risk of expansion still remained and the organisation definitely have to suffer. In 1969, the Black community of Cleveland boycotted McDonalds. This protest rose mainly due to the denial in the franchise opportunities, for the Black people (Carden, Maldonado Boyd, 2017). Thus, this challenged the McDonalds value for the mass inclusion and triggered a major controversy. In the research, Carden, Maldonado and Boyd, (2017) proposed that marketing and public relations is the key to create a better relationship with the consumer market. Many organizations are found to take this particular approach in order to improve its business capability. In the year 1947, the people residing in the Greenwich Village protested against McDonalds. This is because this popular food chain posed a major challenge for the local food chains, thus hampering their business. The local family owned shops faced reduction in their sale and the customers pouring in McDonalds created huge traffic jam in the neighbourhood. The huge number of customers coming to McDonalds was found loitering aroun d the neighbouring places, thus disturbing the residents, along with littering the place. The protest started spreading from Hells Kitchen to Belmont (Krishnaswamy, 2017). People from all over the places, started joining the rally. In order to curb down the spread of this rally anymore, the public relation officials worked hard to understand the demand of the customers and arrive at a mutual understanding with the community. This situation could easily be handled if proper measures were taken in terms of good public relation activity. Fig: Most praised organisation in terms of CSR (Source: Goswami, 2015) Corporate social responsibility and sustainability is another important strategic approach that is undertaken by an organization in order to create a better image of itself in the market where it operates. In the recent time when the environmental condition is degrading, the role of sustainability and CSR has increased by many folds. In fact, as mentioned by Li, Hsieh and Chang, (2016), for the multi-national companies, this responsibilities fall under the regular operations of the organization. McDonalds has also faced environmental issues, thus triggering controversy once again. During the period of late 1980s, a huge demand for the beef was seen in order to satisfy the demand of the popular hamburger chain McDonalds. This had a devastating effect on the rainforest as huge number of cows and buffalos had to be slaughtered down. This triggered a protest among the animal activists as they protested a ban on the ill-treatment of the animals and the huge amount of slaughtering that has been taking place, in order to fulfil the increased demand of McDonalds. Though there was huge protest regarding the slaughtering of the animals, one of the biggest environmental issues faced by McDonalds is its ineffective waste management and environmental unfriendly packing (Carden, Maldonado Boyd, 2017). McDonalds had been using cardboard boxes for selling their burgers. The food products with which the company deals with requires proper packaging. The use of plastic or other non-biodegradable products will create devastating result on the environmental condition and thus, it should fall under the major responsibility to consider materials used for the packaging of the products (Goswami, 2015). From the year 1975, McDonalds started using Styrofoam packaging. This new form of packaging kept the burgers hot as well as the tomato and lettuce cold. Thus, the food was kept intact in this form of packaging (Rowley McMurtrey, 2016). However, health professionals highlighted that the Styrofoam packaging contained carcinogenic elements, thus imposing a ban on the use of these packaging. In the year 1987, people started boycotting McDonalds and its plastic packaging. Thus, over and again, McDonalds have been involved in various strategic issues. Recommendation: The analysis of the above-mentioned case study highlights the fact that McDonalds have been involved in various strategic issues. These issues resulted in the defacement of the brand image of McDonalds. In order to ensure that McDonalds faces no such strategic issues, few recommendations could be made. McDonalds should carry out in-depth market research and understand the target population. This will ensure that McDonalds will not face further protests from the local community, regarding the loss of local business. Moreover, the packaging should be given importance. McDonalds should use only environment friendly and biodegradable packaging materials, to ensure the CSR activities (Rowley McMurtrey, 2016). The waste materials that are obtained from the company should be managed effectively to reduce environmental pollution. The waste management activities will ensure that environmental activities do not display protest against McDonalds. It has to be understood that the lifestyle of p eople has been changing along with their demand and so, the strategy of the organization should consider these points and then further actions should be taken. Conclusion: McDonalds is one of the most famous fast food and hamburger chain. Being one of the major players in the industry of fast food, the company has some social and environmental responsibility that cannot be denied. Strategic issues are common in any business. However, it is important that the company should device itself to overcome the strategic issues faced. This assignment highlights various strategic issues and the recommendation of overcome those issues. Thus, following the recommendations, McDonalds will be able to overcome the strategic issues and will resume operating in glory, as a leader of the fast food and hamburger industry. The effective waste management, along with use of environment friendly packaging is effective in enhancing the business of McDonalds. There is no doubt that McDonalds rank among the largest fast food giants and the success of the organisation is due to the strategic management steps that have been undertaken by the company. The company needs to analyse the business environment and then work accordingly along with abiding by the legislation of the country. If this is done accordingly, the company will keep of moving forward References: Botterill, J., Kline, S. (2007). From McLibel to McLettuce: childhood, spin and re-branding.Society and Business Review,2(1), 74-97. Carden, L. L., Maldonado, T., Boyd, R. O. (2017). Organizational resilience: A look at McDonalds in the fast food industry.Organizational Dynamics. Goswami, S. (2015). A Study on the Online Branding Strategies of Indian Fashion Retail Stores.IUP Journal of Brand Management,12(1), 45. Krishnaswamy, S. (2017). Sources of Sustainable competitive Advantage: A Study Industry Outlook.St. Theresa Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences,3(1). Li, H. H., Hsieh, M. Y., Chang, W. L. (2016). Lucky names: Superstitious beliefs in Chinese corporate branding strategy for bank marketing.The North American Journal of Economics and Finance,35, 226-233. McDonald, J., Kuhn, T. R. (2016). Occupational branding for diversity: managing discursive contradictions.Journal of Applied Communication Research,44(2), 101-117. Rahman, K., Areni, C. S. (2014). Generic, genuine, or completely new? Branding strategies to leverage new products.Journal of Strategic Marketing,22(1), 3-15. Rowley, B., McMurtrey, M. E. (2016). McDonald's and the Triple Bottom Line: A Case Study of Corporate Sustainability.Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability,11(1), 33. Wen, J., Song, B. (2017). Corporate Ethical Branding on YouTube: CSR Communication Strategies and Brand Anthropomorphism.Journal of Interactive Advertising, 1-13

Bad Case of Stripes free essay sample

The hillier In her class laughed at her and called her names Like Camilla Crayon. They started shouting things Like How about some purple polka dots! and to everyones amazement, Camellias skin began to look Like purple polka dots. Camilla caused such a ruckus she was sent home and was not permitted to school until her case of stripes cleared up. DRP. Bumble returns to the creams house, this time with four specialists. They specialists cannot find anything wrong with Camilla but give her a pill to try. The next day, Camilla was a giant multi-colored pill! DRP.Bumble is called again, this time accompanied by two experts. After more poking and prodding, no specialist or expert can find a cure for Camellias bad case of stripes. Just when all hope seems to be lost, a little old woman comes to visit the Creams claiming she can cure Camellias stripes! Her arrival was much appreciated by all, especially Camilla who only hours earlier became her own bedroom. We will write a custom essay sample on Bad Case of Stripes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The old woman better work fast before Camilla becomes the entire house! Camilla Cream: Camilla is a little girl who always worried about what others think and owe she should act to impress them.One morning before school, Camilla breaks out in a bad case of stripes! Mr.. ; Mrs.. Cream: These are Camellias parents. They are very supportive of Camellias condition but try everything in their power to help Camilla get rid of her stripes. DRP. Bumble ; his specialists and experts: This is the group of doctors who poke and prod Camilla to try and diagnose her. When the specialists cant cure her with medicine, they send in the experts. But they have little help for Camilla either. Old Woman: The book describes the old woman to be plump and sweet like a strawberry.She is the only one who knows the cure for Camellias case of stripes. I gave this book five stars because of the fantastic message It has for Its readers. Being yourself and being proud of who you are can be a hard lesson to learn. This book Is a great way to Introduce children how to be themselves. David Shannon book A Bad Case of Stripes would be a wonderful tool to helping children take meaning from a book. The story was Interesting and humorous, the Illustrations were lived and lifelike, and It kept your attention.These are all qualities that are going to keep a childs Interest and hopefully give them the skills to understand the meaning from the book. Bad Case of Stripes ay amber ay: David Shannon thinking about who she had to impress for the day when suddenly she broke out in STRIPES! Mr.. And Mrs.. Cream called DRP. Bumble immediately to come and treat children in her class laughed at her and called her names like Camilla Crayon. They started shouting things like How about some purple polka dots! and to everyones amazement, Camellias skin began to look like purple polka dots.Camilla caused such ruckus she was sent home and was not permitted to school until her case of stripes cleared up. DRP. Bumble returns to the Creams house, this time with four specialists. Rhea specialists cannot find anything wrong with Camilla but give her a pill to try. The little old woman comes to visit the Creams claiming she can cure Camellias stripes! ere supportive of Camellias condition but try everything in their power to help specialists cant cure her with medicine, they send in the experts. But they have little gave this book five stars because of the fantastic message it has for its readers. Engine yourself and being proud of who you are can be a hard lesson to learn. This book is a great way to introduce children how to be themselves. David Chansons meaning from a book. The story was interesting and humorous, the illustrations were livid and lifelike, and it kept your attention. These are all qualities that are going to keep a childs interest and hopefully give them the skills to understand the meaning

Pi free essay sample

Examines mathematical theorem that ratio of circles circumference to diameter is 3.14159. History, impact on science, search for extraterrestrial life, symbols. One might not naturally think of the stock market as part of nature, but Aronofsky also does an excellent job helping to show us how the stock market can in fact be seen as its own living, changing, complex natural pattern of numbers. He tries to demonstrate this by showing us a living ant, one part of a complex colony of many other ants, on the side of a stock ticker as the numbers scroll by quickly to the left in plain sight for Max Choen to read. It is partly these intricately detailed cues Aronofsky uses to help bring us to understand his point of view. Whether or not his Harvard University education helped him to understand the mathematics needed to write and direct the script (Aronofsky also co-authored the movie script with one of his Harvard amigos), its apparent that hes able to convey these thoughtful insights for the more intellectual viewer to ponder throughout the film. We will write a custom essay sample on Pi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay Example

The Signalman by Charles Dickens Paper The story The Signalman, by Charles Dickens, has the supernatural as its main theme. The author builds up a sense of fear and tension gradually to maintain the interest of the reader. Stories, which include supernatural events, were undoubtedly as popular in the Victorian times as they are today. This is probably because the reader enjoys being scared. During Victorian times railways were a relatively new invention. People saw trains as huge ogres, because most people did not know much about trains. This meant that some people feared them. An example of this is, Just then there came a vague vibration in the earth and air, quickly changing into a violent pulsation, and an on coming rush. This makes the train sounds as if it is alive by using personification. The narrator seems to feel disturbed by it. The author of, The Signalman, builds up a sinister atmosphere by using descriptive details. An example of this is where he tells us the, Cutting was extremely deep, and, Unusually precipitous. It was made through a clammy stone, that became oozier and wetter as I went down. This suggests that the cutting is very dark, eerie, and not a very nice place to be. We will write a custom essay sample on The Signalman by Charles Dickens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Signalman by Charles Dickens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Signalman by Charles Dickens specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The language used in the short story is in archaic form. The narrator says at the beginning of the story, Halloa below there, Halloa is not used within the English language today. Nowadays people would say Hello rather than Halloa. Using language such as this is very effective because people have not heard this form of archaic language in quite some time. The role of the narrator is to act as a person that the signalman can trust; he speaks to the signalman as if he is in a powerful position, and as if he is in a different class to the signalman, (The class system was more pronounced in Victorian times). He tries to find a rational explanation to what it was the signalman claims to have seen. Incredulity, because he begins to trust the signalman. He starts to think that there may be some truth in the signalmans story. He also starts to show some concern over the signalman and what he may be going through. Understanding, He begins to believe in what the signalman was telling him. Unfortunately this happened as the result as the signalmans death. One of the ways Charles Dickens builds up suspense for the reader is thee many warnings about what is going to happen to the signalman. The fist warning is the train crash in the tunnel. A crash in the tunnel would be most unfortunate. This is because the tunnel is dark, cold and harder for the fire service to get to the wreck, so the fire can spread quicker. The second warning was the bride being pushed or falling out of the train window. The last warning was a vision of the signalman standing on the tracks bent over and looking at something or someone in the corner next to the track. The Final warning is not in fact a warning; instead it was the signalmans death. This suddenly became more personal to the narrator than any of the other events; this is because the narrator knew the signalman, and what he was like. The signalmans character is a very interesting one. When you think of the education that is needed to be a signalman, than you may think of someone who has dropped out of school, or failed their exams. However this is not true with the signalman he was, A student of natural philosophy. The narrator found out that the signalman, Had run wild, missed his opportunities, gone down and never risen again. This shows us that the signalmans character was successful in his education, however he did not apply this academic ability to his choice of occupation. The relationship between the narrator and the signalman develops throughout the story. Starting form the beginning, when the signalman ignored the narrator. Halloa! Below there! Shouted the narrator, One would have thought, considering the nature of the ground, that he could not have doubted from what quarter came the voice; but instead of looking up to where I stood he turned himself and looked down the line, This adds to the sense of mystery as well as developing a curious friendship over the fact of the narrators intentions. I am not happy in opening any conversation. This shows that the signalman is a very private, and possibly vulnerable. It seems as if the signalman has been hurt by someone in the past, and so therefore is being very, if not over protective of himself, his belongings and his life that he leads and once lead. Then the signalman decides to confide in the narrator, I believe I used to be so, but I am troubled, sir, I am troubled. With What? What Is Your Trouble? It is very difficult to impart, sir. It is very, very difficult to speak of. If ever you make me another visit, I will try to tell you. Now the signalman asks him to come back, so this must mean that the narrator and the signalman must like each other, and because of this I would assume that they are more than friends. During the story there are several points, which could be considered as cliffhangers. This indicates to me that originally the story was split into several parts to make it serial. An example of one of these cliffhangers is, You had no feeling that they conveyed to you in any supernatural way? This shows a cliffhanger in the story. It also shows that the story could have been split into sections and put into a newspaper or magazine, in instalments. At the end of the story, The Signalman, The signalman is killed. There are a few explanations to his death. One is that he committed suicide. The evidence that I have found to back this up comes from the parts of the story where the bride was killed and the crash inside the tunnel. This is because he was very upset and depressed about the death and crashes that had happened on his part of the railway line. He was so depressed that the only way that he could see to stop his depression was to throw himself under a train, this was also to stop the guilt of all the lives that might have been able to save had he have been doing his job probably. The reader knows that the crash and the brides death was not the signalmans thought but thats not what the signalman thought. The second explanation is that he did not see the train because he was too busy dealing with what he though might have been a ghost beside the railway track. If this is the case then it was nothing more than a freak accident. If there was to be any blame passed than it would have to go to the signalman for standing in the middle of the railway tracks. However he cannot be blamed entirely. The train was coming out of a dark tunnel. Also the train was also painted black. Black the colour of darkness. So the train was easily camouflaged within the tunnel.

Are we living in an Age of Empire

Are we living in an Age of Empire The term â€Å"Empire† has a common meaning of the notion of a state headed by an emperor or a monarch together with culturally distinct people. The most salient political in the empire were customarily between noble elite and the lower. An Empire is a systematically organized governing organ that formulates and amends state’s policies. Empires act as a bridge between the government and its colonies in overseas countries. An Empire play a significant role in the importation and exportation of products.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Are we living in an Age of Empire? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An empire can be an official or casual association, in which a nation rules the political dominion of another government. An empire is earned through dictating. It is also achieved by using supreme power, taking sides, unions, fiscal manipulations and communal or literal reliance. Imperialism is any course of action together with martial belligerence through which a state builds and implements its authorities over other countries. Imperialism is the segregation and sustenance of an economical, cultural, and defensive affiliation between two or more countries. The primary objective of modern imperialism is to face out slavery, which act as a way manipulating and employing free labor in abroad countries. Imperialism is the act of emphasizing and investing in the local economy in order to increase the output and earning per capita in the country. This will help the state to exercise her political rule over other states to control and dictate their markets. Examples of empires include Akkadian, Babylonian, Bornao, British, Egyptian, Median, Ottoman,Oyo, Roman and the Soviet Empire. The British Empire has remained the single source of investment before the Second World War. The export of capital from Britain for investment in colonial territories was estimated to be roughly five percent of earning per capita in the period between 1871 and 1915. The averaged national income increased to six percent between the periods 1904 to 1914. It later increased to ten percent in the subsequent years. The British Empire ruled many overseas countries. South American was a British and its counties include Falklands Island and British Guiana. Honduras is a Central American state which colonized by the British. West Indian countries such as Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad, Grenada, Bahamas and Bermuda made up the British Empire. Some Africa states such as Gambia, South Africa, Somalia, Sudan, Egypt, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Uganda, Sierra Leon, Nigeria and Gambia were colonized by the British. Indian Oceans counties such as Tristan da Cunha, St. Helena and Ascension made up the British Empire. Pacific Islands consisting of Solomon Islands, New Hebrides, Tonga and Fiji were British colonies. Other countries include Hong Kong, Singapore, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, New Zealand, Ca nada and Australia.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More British imported more commodities from overseas. She exported less and her expenditure was more than the income. This led to an existence of a trade deficit between imports and exports. The British Empire played a key role in reclaiming the economic instability by reducing the trade deficit. The empire controlled the inflow of goods from India. The imperial government had the mandate to dictate, force the citizens to pay taxes and lay siege to the industries. The governors stopped the boats, disrespect their economic, social, cultural and personal rights. The British Empire promised to maintain a well-equipped Navy before declaring war. The governors claimed that if they did not set free the territories of their Indian and American associates from the French imperialism, their land and wealth would be compromised or taken. Th e British Empire controlled the whole of Indian land and other hundred of thousands of people in the overseas. A combination of economic factors and the strong navy enabled Britain to emerge as Europe’s strongest nation. The Roman Empire consisted of three spheres. The first sphere is the outer ring of the frontier province in which the defensive armies were stationed. There was an inner ring of relatively rich tax-exporting provinces such as Egypt, Syria, Minor, Asia, Northern Africa, Southern Gaul and Spain. The Roman Empire also had a Center ring consisting of the city of Rome and Italy, the seat of the court and of the central government, which like the armies of the frontiers, consumed large volume of taxes. The Roman Empire model implies an increased monetization of the Roman economy, the commercialization of the Roman exchange rate, and elongation of the links between producers and consumers. The growth of the bankers, shippers, and traders propelled the level of urban ization. Even as the sphere of monopoly enlarged, the Roman Empire had no influence on the printing of money and minting of silver coins by the conquered states. In the 70Bc, Spain began using Roman coins as a means of exchange. Some trade agreements include Bilateral, Multilateral, regional (NAFTA and EU), non-regional (AESAN) and Global (from GAAT to WTO). The roles of World Trade Organization (WTO) include promoting world trade, providing a framework for trade negotiations and providing a mechanism for resolution of trade disputes. The United States of America holds seventeen percent of the total votes required to make changes. The U.S therefore, plays a key role in voting in favor or against trade agreements or disputes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Are we living in an Age of Empire? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United States has voted against new international agreements and rejected the unilateral v iolation of old agreements. Agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol on climate and the international criminal court go against the interest of humans and therefore, they have been rejected. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a firm owned by a hundred and eighty-eight states trading together in order to enhance international economic cooperation, stabilize the fiscal and monetary aspects, promote global trade, increase employment level, boost economic progress, and face out deficiency around the world. The World Bank is a global financial institution that seeks to provide financial and technical assistance to the underdeveloped countries. The mission of the bank is to reduce poverty. The period between1997 and 1998, a research showed that African countries’ gross domestic product paid to the International Monetary Fund was estimated to be nine hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This was comparatively more than what the bank loaned to the continent. In 1998, internationall y underdeveloped nations owed the lenders from private banks to the World Bank approximately three trillion dollars. In 1997, the countries owed a hundred and fifty billion dollars. Unless the International Monetary Fund approves or adheres to the economic policies recommended, the underdeveloped nations may not automatically get the money they borrowed from the lenders. Some countries have been classified as poor and relentlessly indebted low incomers. Most of these counties are found in the sub-Saharan Africa. The gross domestic product increased from twenty-eight percent to Chad in the year 1987 to sixty percent in the year 1997. Tanzania’s budget is greatly diminished by the payment money owed to various lenders. This is estimated to be five times greater than the country’s expenditure on the primary education. The life expectancy in Niger is forty-seven years. Niger’s expenditure on the payment of debt is greater than the expenditure on education and medica tion. The sub-Saharan countries expenditure on the payment of debt is five times more than the expenditure on medication. The United States of America has a great military influence. U.S regulates global policies by using commands. It has implemented a strong navy in the sea to monitor the movement of sea vessels and fight pirates. The U.S has promised sustenance of the counties lying from Korea to Israel.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The U.S controls the global economy and the balance of trade. The U.S fulfills the needs of everyone in the world. The budget of the American military has been high with a gross domestic of five percent. This is high, compared to other economies for example China, Britain, Japan whose gross domestic products are two percent, three percent and one percent respectively. George W. Bush said the United States of America is a country dedicated delivering freedom to everyone despite the background affiliations. He said that America do not have any intentions to establish an Empire It is true that we are living in an age if empire. This is because of the decentralized system of governance, large flows of trade or large scale of inter-regional flows, the transfer of resources from the periphery to the centre, specialization, circulation of different currencies, and huge military spending and application of force by the governments.

University of Mary Hardin-Baylor SAT Scores, Admit Rate

University of Mary Hardin-Baylor SAT Scores, Admit Rate University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Admissions Overview UMHB has largely open  admissions, and most students with grades and standardized test scores that are average or better are accepted each year. While SAT and ACT scores are required for most applicants, if you rank in the top 10% of your school, there is no minimum score on the exams. For other students, youll need at least a 20 on the ACT or a 1030 on the SAT to qualify for regular admissions (higher scores if you are ranked in the lower half of your graduating class). Note that UMHBs admissions are largely not holistic. Grades, class rank, and standardized test scores will carry the most weight. The application does not ask for an essay, letters of recommendation, nor extracurricular activity information. Admissions Data (2016): University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Acceptance Rate: 79%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 450 / 560SAT Math: 470 / 560SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 21  / 26ACT English: 19 / 26ACT Math: 18  / 25What these ACT numbers mean University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Description: Founded in 1845, UMHB, the University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, takes pride in its Christian identity and its affiliation with the Baptist General Convention of Texas. All students must agree to the schools policy of a faith-informed approach to education. The universitys residential campus is located in Belton, Texas, a small city in Central Texas situated midway between Waco and Austin. Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio are all within a three-hour drive, so the schools location is convenient to many major metropolitan areas. Academics at UMHB span a range of professional fields and majors in the liberal arts and sciences. Nursing is by far the most popular major, although business and education fields are also popular among undergraduates. On the athletic front, the UMHB Crusaders combete in the NCAA Division III American Southwest Conference. Athletics are big on campus, and many teams have met with national success including men and womens golf, men and womens basketball, and footbal l. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 3,906  (3,278 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 37% Male / 63% Female91% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17): Tuition and Fees: $26,550Books: $1,300 (why so much?)Room and Board: $7,590Other Expenses: $3,030Total Cost: $38,470 UMHB Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 97%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 96%Loans: 73%Average Amount of AidGrants: $13,776Loans: $6,704 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Elementary Education, Exercise Physiology, General Studies, Marketing, Nursing, Physical Education, Psychology Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 71%4-Year Graduation Rate: 32%6-Year Graduation Rate: 48% Intercollegiate Athletics: Mens Sports:  baseball, basketball, football, golf, soccer, tennisWomens Sports:  basketball, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, volleyball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Interested in UMHB? You May Also Like These Colleges: Houston Baptist University: ProfileSam Houston State University:  ProfileBaylor University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas AM University-College Station:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Texas at Austin:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTexas Tech University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphStephen F. Austin State University:  ProfileTexas Christian University:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Houston:  Profile  |  GPA-SAT-ACT Graph University of Mary Hardin-Baylor Mission Statement: mission statement from  http://about.umhb.edu/our-mission The University of Mary Hardin-Baylor prepares students for leadership, service, and faith-informed discernment in a global society. Academic excellence, personal attention, broad-based scholarship and a commitment to a Baptist vision for education distinguish our Christ-centered learning community.

Free Essays on Good Emperors

The Five Good Emperors known as Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, were a series of excellent emperors who ruled in Rome from 96-180 AD, following the Flavian Dynasty. They were called this because they won the support and support of the senate, which is something their predecessors had been unsuccessful to do. The period of the five good emperors was mainly famous for the peaceful way of succession. Each emperor chose his successor by adopting an heir, preventing the political chaos related with the succession both before and after this period.(1) The first of these great emperors was Marcus Cocceius Nerva, ruling from 96-98 AD, who was selected to take the throne by the assassins of the prior emperor, Domitian. He was an old-fashioned man who promised to deal with the senate fairly and never put one of its members to death. The key things that characterize the control of Nerva are his excellent relations with the senate, his achievement of Dominitan's projects, his immense amount of expenses on securing public good will, his effort to boost resident loathe for Dominitan, and the fact that he initiated an arrangement of adopting heirs to make certain the run of the best candidates. He adopted Trajan to be his heir, and thus inheriting the throne after him. The second emperor, Trajan, was in power from 98-117 and began his reign with display, killing all the leaders of the group who had humiliated Nerva. He was named Optimus Maximus, meaning the best because of his respect for the senate and a series of foreign wars in which he attempted to expand the empire. He is well known for his assistance to public services, including a raise in the free distribution of food, the repair of roads, and the construction of the Forum, Market, and baths of Trajan. He adopted Hadrian, who became his heir. Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Hadrian, the third of the great emperors to rule Rome, was in power from 117-138. His first ac... Free Essays on Good Emperors Free Essays on Good Emperors The Five Good Emperors known as Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, were a series of excellent emperors who ruled in Rome from 96-180 AD, following the Flavian Dynasty. They were called this because they won the support and support of the senate, which is something their predecessors had been unsuccessful to do. The period of the five good emperors was mainly famous for the peaceful way of succession. Each emperor chose his successor by adopting an heir, preventing the political chaos related with the succession both before and after this period.(1) The first of these great emperors was Marcus Cocceius Nerva, ruling from 96-98 AD, who was selected to take the throne by the assassins of the prior emperor, Domitian. He was an old-fashioned man who promised to deal with the senate fairly and never put one of its members to death. The key things that characterize the control of Nerva are his excellent relations with the senate, his achievement of Dominitan's projects, his immense amount of expenses on securing public good will, his effort to boost resident loathe for Dominitan, and the fact that he initiated an arrangement of adopting heirs to make certain the run of the best candidates. He adopted Trajan to be his heir, and thus inheriting the throne after him. The second emperor, Trajan, was in power from 98-117 and began his reign with display, killing all the leaders of the group who had humiliated Nerva. He was named Optimus Maximus, meaning the best because of his respect for the senate and a series of foreign wars in which he attempted to expand the empire. He is well known for his assistance to public services, including a raise in the free distribution of food, the repair of roads, and the construction of the Forum, Market, and baths of Trajan. He adopted Hadrian, who became his heir. Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Hadrian, the third of the great emperors to rule Rome, was in power from 117-138. His first ac...

National Novel Writing Month

National Novel Writing Month National Novel Writing Month National Novel Writing Month By Mark Nichol On Tuesday, November 1, a couple hundred thousand people around the world will participate in National Novel Writing Month, which, despite its intuitive name, I’ll explain here: The goal is to write a 50,000-word novel (that’s about 175 manuscript pages, based on a count of approximately 300 words per page) in thirty days. That’s about 1,700 words, or six double-spaced manuscript pages, give or take, a day assuming that you write every day. Insane? More like insanely ingenious. The idea behind this seemingly insurmountable goal is to write for quantity, not for quality to dash off a first draft under the auspices of a worldwide project to distance yourself from the little voice in your head that tells you that you should go back and polish that passage, pare that paragraph, or prune that page. It’s basically hours and hours of feverish, fervent, frantic freewriting a technique for unleashing your creativity by abandoning any pretext of inserting your editorial alter ego into the process. Write, write some more, and just keep on writing, without looking back. The sponsors of NaNoWriMo, as it’s abbreviated, acknowledge that may seem like a risky endeavor. You may limp to a finish at midnight on November 30, only to discover that you have devoted much of your precious time to churning out what? What did you accomplish? The product of a few hundred thousand keystrokes. Is it ready for publication? Hardly. But no novel, no short story, no poem, no article or review or essay or other composition, is print-ready. That’s not the point. The point is that you will have overcome your trepidation at devoting so much time and effort toward crafting a towering achievement in prose, using the novelty of the project as an excuse. And then you will have a first draft of a novel (and then the real work starts). Last year, only a little more than 10 percent of participants reached their goal of producing the first draft of a 50,000-word novel. But nearly 200,000 others staggered away from their computers on the last day of November with at least the start of something satisfying. Sign up at the NaNoWriMo Web site, and explore the site’s features to help you motivate yourself. One of these is a tool that lets you update your word count daily. You can also post excerpts of your work in progress for others to read. So, are you going to give it a shot? Of course you are. Good luck! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know20 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word FormsA Yes-and-No Answer About Hyphenating Phrases

Letter of intent - pharmacy residency program Essay

Letter of intent - pharmacy residency program - Essay Example My decision to pursue PGY1 residency program at CSMC stems from the multidisciplinary relationship that exists at the medical center, which is essential in allowing healthcare professionals play a fundamental role in patient care and management. As PGY1 resident, I believe that rotation opportunities and exposure to general hospital practice, teaching faculty and other challenges will enhance my skills and shape my skills in these areas. Consequently, I believe that my tenure at CSMC will open new opportunities for me in the future. Most important, I hope to gain considerable skills as a pharmacist, which would enable me to deliver critical services in areas of my interests such as infectious disease, critical care, and transplant pharmacy. While taking my clinical rotations at CSMC, I gained immense experience from working with pharmacists and physicians as it took part in developing appropriate therapeutic interventions. In particular, I learned how to tailor and optimize clinical therapies and minimize adverse effects of selected drugs on patients. Moreover, I took part in the delivery of more than 60 interventions. As result, I developed an intense passion and appreciation of pharmacy and the role of pharmaceutical care on patients. These experiences, I believe, will bolster my learning during my PGY1 residency program. Ultimately, I see myself honing my patient-specific skills not my to mentioning perfecting my decision making process. Considerable skills, attributes, and values strengthen my suitability for the PGY1 residency program. Firstly, I am many fundamental skills, which would allow me learn quickly and conceptualize new concepts in the program. Secondly, my time management skill, work ethics, and passion for pharmaceutical care stand to establish me as one of the leading students in the residency program. Given that CSMC is a leading teaching

Mathew Kohr vs Starbucks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mathew Kohr vs Starbucks - Assignment Example Before the jury, Starbucks responded by arguing that since the cup of coffee was offered for free, Mr. Kohr is not covered by similar protections as that of a paying customer. Nevertheless, WRAL reported that the argument of Kohr was due to the fact that the freebie is only offered to uniformed officers, which make up an agreement between the company and him. Again, during the trial, Kohr confessed that he had to drive home so that he could take a photograph of the injury before seeking medical care later. He went home so that his wife could take photographs of the burns he had sustained on his inner thigh. The lawyer who represented Starbucks, Tricia Derr insisted that Kohr failed to visit a care center urgently till more than two hours passed. Originally, the Kohrs mentioned two baristas in the case, including the International Paper, who is the manufacturers of the cups, before directing the suit solely at Starbucks (ABC News, 2012). The spokesman for Starbucks mentioned that the company serves four billion coffees annually in the paper cups, and only fifty-nine of them had collapsed. Part OneThough Kohr and his wife did not comment concerning the decision, lawyer Daniel Johnson said that the decision disappointed them very much. On the other hand, Starbucks mentioned that the decision made by the jury was pleasing, adding that it had a belief that the workers didn’t do anything wrong.In any civil actions that take place in the federal court, either of the parties may make the pre-trial motion for summary judgment.

The context of international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The context of international business - Essay Example The company was founded by Jack Cohen in the year 1919, the number of stores as on April 2012 happens to be 6,351 stores. (Burgemeister, 2003, p. 192). The total revenue of the company happens to be ?64.539 billion as on 2012. The total market share in U.K. is 30.2%. The major global competitors of the company are Walmart, Carrefour, Aldi, Royal Ahold and Metro. Identifying the company’s main drivers of accessing foreign markets using theories of FDI FDI stands for foreign direct investment. There are various theories of FDI like the product life cycle theory, internationalization and eclectic paradigm theory of the OLI frame-work. Among these the internationalization theory has been used to identify the key drives. The internationalization theory states that a company operating in a matured economy needs to expand the horizon beyond the local market to get competitive advantage and economies of scale. In the early 90s Tesco was lagging behind Sainsbury’s as the second largest retailer in the country and the operations of the country was subjected to the U.K. market only. But the global economic reforms couples with the drive to become a global major retailer urged Tesco to enter the global market. The first phase of internationalization begun as Tesco entered Hungary in 1994. Since then there has been no turning back, Of-course there has been certain problems in countries like France, but looking at the overall perspective the results speak for themselves. Today Tesco is largest retailer in U.K. and the third largest retailer in the world right after Wal-Mart and Carrefour. Mainly Tesco is a general merchandise and grocery retailer and operates as following the business to consumer framework. External Environment Analysis External or macro environmental factors are those that cannot be controlled by an organization and yet the modus operand of an organization gets severely affected by the changes or developments in the external environment. The m ain external environmental factors include political, economic, social and technological factors. However, the legal factors are also to be included. Bit, since most of the legal legislatures in a country are developed by the government itself the legal factors are hereby included in the political factors. Here it is to be added that Tesco entered in U.S. in the year 2007. Therefore the PEST analysis has been based on the external environmental situation in 2007 -2008 only (Henry, 2008, p. 89). Political United States has always been a politically stable country. And the governments in U.S. have always welcomed business investments from both local and international firms. Many specialists have tagged U.S. as a very stable political country irrespective of the political regime. Probably due to such attitude of the political leaders of the country the country has become one of the strongest economies in the world. As mentioned earlier as far the legislative system goes the country as mentioned has a business friendly legal environment welcoming investments. Legal and Regulatory reforms in the 1970s actually resulted in de-regulation in various sectors and enhanced competition and efficiency.

Political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Political science - Essay Example This is an issue that scholars and academics have spent a great deal of time considering since the conclusion of the Second World War. In 1945, the United States dropped two nuclear weapons on Japan, ending the war. To many, this suggests that nuclear weapons can be used to make peace and end war. Indeed, in the last seventy years no one else has used a nuclear weapon. Perhaps it makes sense to give these weapons to all countries, so that no one will wish to use them. However, as one scholar puts it: Given that nuclear weapons have not been used in war since 1945, that modern biological weapons have arguably never been utilized in warfare, and that the risk of chemical weapons is often considered exaggerated, one might think preventing the proliferation of WMDs is not a critical policy issue. However, the proliferation of new weapons systems can have a profound impact on international politics even at levels short of war. The impact on the coercive power of states and the potential for actual use make nuclear weapons potentially destabilizing in the international security environment. (Horowitz, 2). It is a bit naà ¯ve to believe that nuclear weapons cause peace. They are indeed a source of instability whether they are possessed by many or possessed by only a few. The main problem is that not all states are rational. Some behave in ways that are difficult to calculate. Indeed, some leaders suffer from mental illness. In fascist or dictatorial states, the leader of a power is unquestioned. Some states might want to commit national suicide by nuking another state that has nuclear weapons. Scholars and political scientists too often believe that everything in politics is a science and that the rational prevail. This is not what history teaches us. History shows that powerful weapons will be used in unpredictable ways. The

The Most Significant Moment of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Most Significant Moment of Life - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the true essence of our life is exhibited through the little moments of joy or sorrow that are dear to us and are close to our hearts. These moments may be seemingly minor and trivial but become the most treasured and meaningful memories. These noteworthy moments adorn our past for our lifetime and have an evergreen effect on our future. Not just joyous incidents, some heart-wrenching episodes affecting our dear ones or our surroundings can also remain etched in our memories. Such incidents serve as reminders of the realities of life and the ups and downs it encompasses. On the other hand, the beautiful and worthwhile episodes shared with our family, favorite pets, colleagues, and friends prove to us every day the worthiness of life. These precious memories give us the necessary boost we need when we are drowned in the daily chaos and obligations. The researcher’s Granddad possessed a very full of life and admirable personality. The author enjoyed the most when she used to spend her time at her grandparent's house. Every single moment the researcher spent with her granddad was filled with affection and a feeling of warmth. Even now when she thinks of even the most inconsequential episodes she spent with her granddad, the author is reminded of his honesty and kindness that reflected her personality. Childhood is a part of your life where the tiniest of gestures have a deep impact on one’s personality. The researcher’s granddad showed the importance of family, the significance of kindness and gave her the confidence that is needed to become a self-assured young girl that she is today. The author always worshipped his lively personality, the way he laughed and made jokes with his companions. His authoritarian personality with the spirit of kindness and love that, he had in abundance, especially for the researcher. Her granddad always took special care of her and the author used to accompany him most of the time. One particular incident has left a deep impact on the author’s mind and she still finds that she related to it some way or another. During one particular summer vacations, when the author was in 6th standard she went to her granddad's house as a part of her usual annual routine. As usual, the author spent the bright lively summer days in her grandparent’s house cherishing each and every moment. Summer vacations were a time which she used to wait for eagerly. It was an occasion when the researcher got the chance to spend time with one person who made her feel special through his affectionate soul and kind gestures. Granddad brought home a little, frail puppy that looked scared and homeless. Its innocent round eyes stared at the author with fear in them. Granddad had found him on his way home in a deserted street without its mother. The researcher was amazed and quite amused by this little creature. The puppy was just like a little baby; small, fragile and completely dependent on others. Granddad gave the puppy to the author and told her to take special care of the little creature. That day he taught the researcher a lesson that she followed the rest of her life. It was something that was obvious from his way of life and his personality. He taught her love and affection for family. He told her that if today the author takes care of the little, defenseless creature, it will grow up tomorrow and return her the kindness and affection she showed to it.  

Albert Camus Essay Example for Free

Albert Camus Essay How Aschenbach and Meursault in Death in Venice and The Stranger respectively, are driven by mind initially then change to being driven by the heart as the result of a key event In both The Stranger and Death in Venice, the characters change as the book progresses. There is mainly one action that sparks this drastic change. In The Stranger, this action is the murder of Raymonds mistress brother, and in Death in Venice this critical moment occurs when Aschenbach has the sudden urge to travel. Aschenbach and Meursault are both characters that move from one extreme to the other. They begin as characters who make decisions based solely on what their mind tells them. As the novel develops, these characters move to the other extreme, which is making decisions based solely on what their heart tells them. This transition from extreme logical thinking to extreme emotional thinking is what leads to the downfall of both Aschenbach and Meursault. As the novel begins, Thomas Mann introduces Aschenbach as a fairly likable German writer. Initially the reader sees Aschenbach as a normal character anyone can relate to. He lives a very stable life, and has never traveled before. Aschenbach is a character who is extremely involved in his work and one who organizes his entire life based on how he can best achieve quality in his work. At this point in the novel Aschenbach makes all his decisions using his mind rather than his heart. While taking a stroll, Aschenbach sees a man with red hair as well as long teeth. It is this man that pushes his mind in to traveling. Aschenbach begins to change as soon as he sets his mind to travel. In his daydream regarding his adventure he envisions a landscape, a tropical swampy region under a vapor-laden sky, damp, luxuriant and uncanny; it was like the portrait of a primitive world of islands morasses and slit-laden rivers (pg 3, Mann). The symbol of Aschenbachs departure on this journey is the sign of the beginning of his decline. It is from this point on that Aschenbach transforms from being a normal man who makes logical decisions with is brain, to one that makes decisions with his heart. As Aschenbachs journey progresses, he notices many men with red hair and long white teeth like the one that inspired him to travel. This shows the constant rapid declining of Aschenbach. His first sight of Tadzio in the hotel marks the beginning of the extreme heart-driven Aschenbach. His description of Tadzio clearly portrays his obsession. With astonishment Aschenbach observed that the boy was perfectly beautiful. His face, pale and charmingly secretive with the honey-colored hair curling around it, with its straight-sloping nose, its lovely mouth and its expression of sweet and divine earnestness recalled Greek statues of the noblest period, and, along with its extremely pure perfection of form, it was of such unique personal charm that the onlooker thought he had never come across anything so felicitous either in nature or in art (pg 20, Mann). Once Aschenbach begins to follow Tadzios every step, the reader notices that Aschenbach is becoming more and more indulged in Tadzios life rather than his own. His head and his heart were drunk, and his steps followed the dictates of that dark god whose pleasure it is to trample mans reason and dignity underfoot. Even when Aschenbach learns of an epidemic, he realizes that if he dies along with Tadzio, they will be able to meet in heaven. Aschenbach loses total control of his mind and gives in to Venice, a city, half fairy tale and half tourist trap, in whose insalubrious air the arts once rankly and voluptuously blossomed, where composers have been inspired to lulling tones of somniferous eroticism. Even when given the opportunity to leave Venice and escape cholera, his love for Tadzio weighs him down. Aschenbach then has fantasies about everyone else dying, and him being left alone with Tadzio. Now it can be clearly seen that Aschenbachs passion is coming directly from the heart, and no thinking is being done on his part. This extreme obsession from Aschenbachs heart immediately leads to his downfall. He dies in his chair, and it is hours before anyone notices. Albert Camus introduces Meursault as a character people are quite taken aback by.

Work of clifford geertz in history

Work of clifford geertz in history What Does The Work Of Clifford Geertz Have To Offer Research Into History? With the publishing of his book, ‘The Interpretation of Cultures in 1973, Geertz has often been hailed as the ‘champion of symbolic anthropology. Geertz outlined culture as ‘a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which people communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life He believed the role of anthropologists was to try and understand the underlying symbols of the culture in question, a term he describes as ‘Thick Description. Geertz also conducted extensive work on religion, particularly on Islam, in both Southeast Asia and North Africa. His most famous use of thick description is portrayed in the essay ‘Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight, and his theories still influence anthropology to this day. But how does the work of an anthropologist, concerned with analysing modern societies, apply to historians whose work concerns cultures from the past? In this essay I will examine how both anthropologists and historians attempt to examine humanity ‘in the mist, and how cultural historians in this endeavour have attempted to use an anthropological model to answer historical questions in order to do so. With the development of cultural history historians creation of the past as an ‘other, a place completely different from our own, they attempt to view history through an anthropological lens. But despite differences between historical and anthropological research there has been much interdisciplinary study between the two, with social and cultural historians attempting to use synchronic analysis as a way of viewing the past they are studying. History becomes a view of time and space all within a single plane that stays unmoving and none changing under the cultural historians gaze, just as the Bayeux tapestry shows the history and context of the Norman Conquest of England. Even with the rise of synchronic analysis, historians have not abandoned diachronic analysis as an analytical tool. Historians still feel they need to explain the context of the subjects they are studying in order for their research to be viewed as ‘complete. This has led to many criticisms of Geertzs work and how historians have applied his research to past societies. Geertzs detachment of culture and history has, in many cases, created more problems for the cultural historian than it has solved. Due to these difficulties, cultural historians have shied away from many larger historical debates in order to study features outside of the historical main-stream. They have focussed on small and, in some historians views, inconsequential histories, becoming bogged down in their own tedium. With this, social history has focussed on the development of social theory, rather than the society in questions development over time. With these views in mind, I have attempted to uses Geertzs analytical models with my own research: ‘Hearts and Minds: A Study on the impact of Christianity on paganism in the Byzantium Empire during the fourth century CE. Using examples drawn from my own work, I will attempt to see the merits of using an anthropological model while studying the religions of the past; those that were still evolving and those religions that were dying out. At this stage it is important to define the object which cultural historians have attempted to study with an anthropological view point; history itself. As a noun, ‘history can be defined as: 1) a continuous, systematic narrative of past events as relating to a particular people, country, period, person, etc., usually written as a chronological account; chronicle: a history of France; a medical history of the patient. 2) a systematic account of any set of phenomena without particular reference to time: a history of the American eagle. The definition of history as ‘a continuous, systematic narrative and as ‘a systematic account of any set of phenomena without particular reference to time, or, as phrased by Michael Chanan ‘the formal analysis of a given system as it exists in the present moment (synchronic) and analysis across time, or historical explanation (diachronic) means the historian has to show their awareness of both in order to fully explore the topic they are researching. The historian Marc Bloch stated that the ‘good historian was like the giant in the fairy tale. He knows that wherever he catches the scent of human flesh, there his quarry lies. While C. Wright-Mills remarked about the anthropologist: ‘What social science is properly about is human variety, which consists of all the social world in which men have lived, are living and might live. ‘ Cultural historians have embraced Geertz, using his ideas and methods and applying them to historical models, such as Matthew Eric Engelke and Matt Tomlinsons ‘The limits of meaning: case studies in the anthropology of Christianity. Although historians are not as prone to theoretical disputes as much as anthropologists, it is also true that Geertz does not serve as a marker in generalised struggles among historians. According to Paula S. Fass, the limitations of social history in previous historiography led to the development and ‘subsequent dominance of cultural history in the 1970s and 1980s. Despite the move in focus away from political elites towards the examination of social groups and their ‘behavioural tendencies , cultural historians felt that social history had ‘ignored both the uniqueness of individual experience and the ways in which social life is created through politics and culture due to the dehumanization of such social groups by reducing them to quantifiable data. Social historians reliance on structural explanations and development of group categories began to ‘deaden history as an exploration of contingent experience. By the mid 1980s, cultural historians were adapting work done by social historians, such as Herbert Gutman and Eugene Genovese, and taking them further by exploring ‘the way agency was attributed to participation in predefined group activity. Cultural historians increasingly used the anthropological and ‘post-modern perspective of identity as an ever-changing construct, what anthropologists refer to as ‘liminal experiences and deconstructing identity entirely. Due to this, social historians research potentials have become ‘quite limited due to the constrictions of primary sources in the construction of ‘ordinary life, while, in the words of Fass: ‘Cultural historians, in contrast, put their faith in a fuller exploration of language and because, in their view, all culture is connected, all forms of articulation could be examined as exemplary. Geertzs ideas have become so attractive to historians due to the development of cultural history, with historians focussing on the past as a place structurally different from the modern world: ‘worlds where peoples motives, senses of honour, daily tasks, and political calculations are based on unfamiliar assumptions about human society and the cosmic order. Phillip Pulsiano and Elaine M. Treharne in ‘A Companion to Anglo-Saxon Literature, explore the religious aspects in Old English poetry in relation to Geertzs definition of religion itself. Both anthropology and history, according to Geertz, are both similar and different, both looking for the same type of answers but asking different questions. Historians focus on broad sweeping actions and movements , while anthropologists focus on small, well bounded communities wallowing in the detail of the obscure and unimportant (or, as Geertz phrases it in his typically artistic style: ‘History (it is said), is threatened by the history-from-below rather than focussing on the Movers-and-Shakers, such as Kings, Philosophers and Bishops). Anthropologists ‘present static pictures of immobile societies scattered across the remote corners of the inhabited world, while anthropologists accuse historians of ‘schematicism, of being out of touch with the immediacies and intricacies, ‘the feel as they like to put it, considering themselves to have it, of actual life. With this said, it has not been unusual for historians and anthropologists to conduct research in each others field; historical research such as Roger Chartiers ‘The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution, Carlo Ginzburgs ‘The Cheese and the Worms: the Cosmos of an Sixteenth Century Miller, and Natalie Zemon Davis ‘Society and culture in early modern France: eight essays to name but a few. Despite the attraction of Geertzs theory to social historians, the differences between historical research and ethnography can hinder the historians full utilisation of Geertzs ‘Thick Description model. Historians are restricted to the textual evidence written by a literate elite, with the culture and symbols of those who existed outside of the elites literacy focus lost in the minds of those who lived through it; a stark difference from the ability of anthropologists to observe the effects of culture and its symbols when studying cultures ‘in the field. Despite historians criticisms of anthropologists reliance on oral testimony, with its possible ‘invented tradition and frailties of memory, Geertzs ability to examine the religious development of Morocco and Indonesia almost first hand must be greatly envied by social and cultural historians. Despite the difference between history and anthropology, many historians (especially social historians like Michael MacDonald and Robert Darnton) have embraced Geertzs ideas. However, this raises another question; why would historians, whose work is essentially diachronic in nature, be interested in the synchronic analysis of an anthropologist? It is important at this time to look at the meaning of synchronic analysis. As William H. Sewell Jr. explains: ‘Although a synchronic description or analysis is often glossed over as a ‘snapshot that ‘freezes time or as a ‘slice of time, that is not quite right. Such a description is, rather, one in which time is suspended or abolished analytically so that things that actually occur in the flow of time are treated as part of a uniform moment or epoch in which they simply coexist To put it otherwise, in synchronic description acts of cultural signification, rather than being treated as a temporal sequence of statement and counterstatement or as linked by causal chains of antecedent and consequence, are seen as components of a mutually defined and mutually sustaining universe of unchanging meaning. The use of synchronic analysis on what Geertz called ‘cultural systems presented cultural historians with the ability to explore the past with a new analytical model. Robert Darnton, in his book ‘The Great Cat Massacre uses such analyses to explore episodes from eighteenth century France, especially in his essays ‘Peasants Tell tales: The Meaning of Mother Goose (an analysis of the cultural significance to French, German and Italian fairy tales) and ‘Workers Revolt: The Great Cat Massacre of the Rue Saint Severin (in which he explores the cultural context of the massacre of cats in Paris by printing apprentices during the late 1730s). The use of thick description allows historians to suspend time rather than be carried along with historical narrative, and in the process analyse the transformations of the past with greater accuracy and depth. Geertzs ideas of thick description have allowed historians like David Sabean to explore witchcraft in seventeenth century Germany. Despite criticisms by anthropologists of the diachronic approach taken by historians in the past, many historians are still attached to the ideas of history in transformation. Many American ‘new social historians and those within the French ‘Annales school try to define themselves against historical narrative and by those ‘attempting to manage or side-step conceptual problems by writing historical accounts , such as Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, as seen in his book ‘A History of the Jewish people. William H. Sewell Jr has best conveyed this view: ‘It [Geertzs theory] tells us, perhaps surprisingly, that adequately realized synchrony is more important to good historical analysis than adequately realized diachrony. In the eyes of professionals it is more important for a historian to know how to suspend time than to know how to recount its passage. This is shown in the work of historians such as Noriko Onodera, who examines the evolution and development of the Japanese language, and Stephen M. Feldman, with his analysis of the separation of the Church and State during the twentieth century. Although Geertzs theories have become popular with cultural historians, there have been many critics of not only his own work but how historians (especially those studying cultural aspects) have used Geertzs work in their own research. Although Geertzs work features events as they happen in real historical time, he uses a ‘literary device to make his work less formerly structured. This means that he uses the social and historical impact of the cultural model he is analysing as a writing style rather than a strict analytical tool. This is best demonstrated in Geertzs essay ‘Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight. William Roseberry, in an analysis of Geertzs essay (in his book ‘Balinese Cockfights and the Seduction of Anthropology), argues that Geertz does not take into account the history of its development, and that we should think of the ‘material social process as a ‘production rather than as a ‘product'(stating that the issues on development are mentioned but never taken up by Geertz). Roseberrys view, one which I personally agree with, is that ‘[the cockfight] has gone through a process of creation that cannot be separated from Balinese history. Geertz detached culture and history by treating history as a text to be read and scrutinised rather than being an essential thread in the fabric of Balinese life. Maybe due to this separation, historians, despite their enthusiasm, have been in many cases less than successful in their attempts to marry history with ‘Thick Description. For example, Roger Becks attempt to apply Geertzs description and interpretation to the symbol system of Mithraician mysticism is hardly successful, and neither is his comparison with the symbol system of the Mexican Chamulas. With historys diachronic roots, anthropology as a whole has had difficulty in finding fertile ground with historians outside of cultural history. With focus on ‘eccentric bits of evidence (or, as I view it, ‘obsession with the mundane), cultural historians and anthropologists writing about history search for evidence around a central point of argument and ‘build a mountain around a molehill and that molehill can lie on the periphery of the subject. Rather than pushing back the frontiers of historical research by opening up and exploring new channels of investigation through analysis of symbols within societies in the past, cultural historians have become intent with finding ‘hidden histories rather than bringing new light to work at the focus of historical debate. Despite the development of social theory by anthropologists and the rise of cultural history and its application to history, almost none deal with the explanation of historical change, with the main problem created by most social theory being the accounting for social order or social structure rather than the development and history of those roots. With my own research I have focused on the impact of Christianity on paganism in the eastern half of the Roman Empire during the fourth century CE, analysing how Christianity infiltrated aspects of the educated elite, society, the state apparatus and its depiction through art and on coinage. My work also focussed on a number of other factors: The peasants in the eastern half of the Roman Empire were naturally conservative and were initially hostile to the Christian community that were mainly based in urban centres. Eastern Roman peasants clung to their local pagan deities as they took care of their ‘first-order concerns: healing, death and family as pagan spirits and deities took care of these concerns there was no initial need to abandon them in favour of Christianity. Bishops and preachers that attempted to convert the peasantry failed as they were distrusted by the peasantry because of their connections to local government. Bishops and preachers also addressed them in Greek or Latin and in complex rhetoric styles, alienating them from the peasantry who spoke in their ‘everyday local dialects. The destruction of pagan temples in the urban centres and the construction of Christian basilicas on top of them or in their vicinity changed the power balance within such centres against the pagan cults. Only the establishment of monasteries away from the urban centres deep in the countryside led to the slow conversion of the peasantry through the contacts they made with them through local trade and due to the conversion tactics that the monasteries employed. Due to the amount of written documentation available to us, initially it may seem that Geertzs theories on symbolic systems in reference to early Christian rites and formal rituals may make Christianity in the fourth century eastern Roman Empire accessible to us. Although the study of early Christianitys cultural anthropology through field work is obviously impossible, the archaeological record of pagan temple destruction and the construction of Christian basilicas with the reused stone cannot be described as ‘thick description as the reuse of the stone from the pagan temples is not a symbolic act in its own right, but a form of cheap and readymade building material. However, Geertz himself has used written accounts from the past as effectively as he used his own field work and that of other anthropologists. This, however, cannot be said about localised pagan rituals; ones performed in homes and fields in small, personal shrines. Eric Wolf suggested that these rituals were due to peasants ‘first-order concerns, such as protection of the family unit in this world and the next. The lack of documented evidence, even if written by a condescending Christian elite, makes symbolic analysis extremely difficult. If we focus on pagan ‘lost ceremonies then Geertzs theory appears to be a hopeless endeavour. That is because, despite the richness and detail as a complex of symbols, textual evidence rarely mentions local pagan rituals for what they are, and when it does many aspects of them are either exaggerated or incredibly distorted, therefore destroying their immediate ritual context. Even if the ritual context had survived through the textual, or through the archaeological, evidence that would allow us to subject it to symbolic interpretation, it cannot now be interpreted in the way we can interpret Christianity; we cannot trace the evolution of a religion which is now extinct. To conclude, the work of Clifford Geertz has a lot to offer research into history, as long as his work is used correctly. In my introduction I stated ‘how both anthropologists and historians attempt to examine humanity ‘in the mist, and how cultural historians attempt to use anthropological models to answer historical questions in order to do so. In this endeavour, cultural historians have been unsuccessful. Geertz, and other anthropologists, benefit from the ability to view culture closely (and as Geertzs brush with the Balinese police shows, perhaps a little too closely). Cultural historians, in contrast, have to rely on the words of those they are trying to move away from, the literate elite, in order to view the lives of those who had no written history of their own. Rather than viewing humanity ‘in the mist, cultural historians, for instance have attempted to determine a peasants accent by studying the peasants reflection in a muddy puddle. Historians reluctance to abandon diachronic analysis undermines the benefits of synchronic analysis, despite anthropologists attempts to conduct historical research. Cultural historians attempts to ‘suspend time removes them from the historical development that took place, therefore allowing them to be caught up in the difficulties that anthropologist themselves have faced. This problem is only exacerbated by the reliance on textual evidence. As shown with my attempt to use Geertzs theories in relation to my own research, I too had difficulties overcoming this problem. As I used a large amount of archaeological evidence when researching the power shift from pagan to Christian domination in eastern Roman urban centres it was nearly impossible to apply ‘thick description and investigate symbolic systems due to their lack of context. Again, the reliance on textual evidence written by a hostile group means that there are other historical methods which would be more beneficial when symbolic contexts and restricted written records are unavailable. At face value, I understand the appeal Geertzs theories would have for cultural historians trying to uncover the mindset, culture and experiences of those who lived in the past. However, the ability for anthropologists to study their subject at first hand, and therefore place more emphasis on first-hand accounts, leaves cultural historians at a crucial disadvantage. Geertzs theory changed the face of anthropological research, but I doubt it will do nothing but frustrate the historian by reminding them of what they are missing. Bibliography Books R. Beck, The Religion of the Mithras Cult in the Roman Empire: Mysteries of the Unconquered Sun (Oxford New York, 2006) H. H. Ben-Sasson A History of the Jewish people (Cambridge, 1976) M. 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Genovese Roll, Jordon Roll: The World the Slaves Made (New York, 1974) Fass, ‘Cultural History/Social History: Some Reflections on a Continuing Dialogue p.39 Ibid p.40 W. H. Sewell Jr., ‘Geertz, Cultural Systems, and History: From Synchrony to Transformation p.38 C. Geertz, ‘History and Anthropology New Literary History, 21, (1990) p.321-335, p322 Ibid p324 Ibid.p.322 Ibid p.321 Ibit p.321-322 Ibid. p.322 See C. Geertzs Islam Observed: Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia (Chicago, 1971) M. MacDonald, Witchcraft and Hysteria in Elizabethan London(London 1991) R. Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre (New York, 1984) W. H. Sewell Jr., ‘Geertz, Cultural Systems, and History: From Synchrony to Transformation p.40 See ‘Religion as a Cultural System in C. Geertz, The Interpretations of Culture (New York, 1973) D. W. Sabean, Power in the Blood: Popular culture village discourse in early modern Germany (Cambridge, 1984) See P. 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